1 https://nest.com/works-with-nest/
2 $3.2 billion
4 On Tesla cars features are regularly added via software updates.
An article describing a Gm vs. a Tesla recall:
6 http://www.apple.com/ios/health/
7 http://kk.org/books/the-inevitable/ - or if you prefer to get the message through a 14-minute TED-talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_kelly_how_ai_can_bring_on_a_second_industrial_revolution
10 http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460
http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2014/05/marc_andreessen.html
11 It’s hard to find exact numbers, but in mid-2016 Google was reportedly doing at least 5,5 billion Searches pr. day
http://searchengineland.com/google-now-handles-2-999-trillion-searches-per-year-250247
12 https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/
13 https://www.wired.com/insights/2012/05/amazon-hpc-cloud/
14Read about “The power of pull” by John Hagel, John Seely Brown and Lang Davidson here: http://www.edgeperspectives.com/pop.html
15 http://www.alexa.com/topsites
17 From an environmental perspective, the word “consumer” is problematic. The consumer belongs in the old linear paradigm of extracting resources and consuming them, by turning them into waste. In a circular economy, resources are not consumed, but merely used and sent on to the next link in the chain.
In contrast, in the circular economy, you use materials for a while, but they are not consumed in the sense that they are left as waste without value. Instead, the materials are passed on to others to use again for yet another purpose. Waste is re-purposed as new materials – like food for a new process. Consumption is merely use.
The circular economy is by necessity participatory and collective. You recognize that no consumption takes place in isolation – we are always interacting as part of a greater context, where everyone and everything is connected and interdependent. Humans influence the other parts of the ecosystem, and they influence us. We depend on all other living things – and the rest of life depends on us.
18 These and many other initial observations about moving towards a we-economy were presented in Charles Leadbeater’s excellent book; We-think. Mass innovation, not mass production.
http://charlesleadbeater.net/2010/01/we-think/
19 The idea of the long tail was originally coined by Chris Anderson to describe how the value chain is extending by making even very small providers part of the economy.
http://www.thelongtail.com/about.html
The case is described in more detail at: http://we-economy.net/case-stories/lego-ideas.html
21 Bloomberg largest companies by market capitalization: https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-02/tech-giants-form-fab-five-to-dominate-stock-valuation-chart
http://dogsofthedow.com/largest-companies-by-market-cap.htm
22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Firm
23 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x/full
24 http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Impactsofcar2go_FiveCities_2016.pdf
30 Independent work, Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, report by McKinsey Global Institute, Oct. 2016:
31 As Tim O’Reilly points out, it is likely that we will see a blending of professional and amateurs on the platforms of the sharing economy, similar to the development on YouTube. Initially, YouTube was a site, where anyone could share their videos and most of the content was indeed created by amateurs. Now, as YouTube has become one of main global media outlets, an increasing part of the content is produced by professionals and regular media companies. Likewise, a greater share of the rooms offered on Airbnb could belong to professionals or regular hotels.
https://medium.com/the-wtf-economy/networks-and-the-nature-of-the-firm-28790b6afdcc#.wzleffep4
32 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/03/how-much-musicians-make-spotify-itunes-youtube
33 http://we-economy.net/what-is-the-we-economy/the-research-project/report.html
34 http://we-economy.net/what-is-the-we-economy/index.html
35 http://platformrevolution.com
One of the authors, Sangeet Paul Choudary, has a very useful blog: http://platformed.info
36 http://matchmakereconomics.com
38 https://skift.com/2016/08/11/airbnb-has-a-golden-moment-at-the-rio-olympics/
39 This has been very well described by Jeremy Rifkin in his book Zero Marginal Cost Economy.
http://www.thezeromarginalcostsociety.com http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/jeremy-rifkin-are-we-moving-capitalist-collaborative-economy-4914
http://newnature.blogspot.dk/2014/05/jeremy-rifkin-on-economy-where-energy.html
40 Not all platforms need to be giants. By specializing and targeting accurately, even smaller platforms can gain critical mass as the leading platform in their niche: Airbnb covers all types of travelers, but there are platforms for renting rooms that cater to audiences: very high end homes, gay travelers, football fans or people who go for nature hikes.
41 According to Financial Times Datawatch:
- Google had a 62% share of all global searches in March 2105 (http://blogs.ft.com/ftdata/2015/04/17/datawatch-global-search-market-share/)
- In 2014, Amazon had a 20% share of all global internet retailing, followed by Alibaba’s 14% share. (http://blogs.ft.com/ftdata/files/2015/11/G118X-DATAWATCH-MON.png)
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- In the US, Amazon had a 41% share of the book market in 2014 (http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/bea/article/62520-bea-2014-can-anyone-compete-with-amazon.html)
42 Toptal.com is a labor platform for software developers and designers, which explicitly will only represent the top 3% of the people they interview. The top talents can offer their services in a global market place and companies will know that they are hiring the best in the world for a task. In that situation, the freelancer is in a very good position to demand a high wage.
44https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1359en.pdf
45 http://secondmachineage.com
46 http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20161229PD206.html
48 https://www.ft.com/content/f30051b2-1e36-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0
49 Tip of the hat to Per Ödling for the example
50 According to a survey conducted in 2014 by the independent research firm Edelman Borland and commissioned by Freelancers Union and Elance-oDesk.
53 Polarization and Populism, World Bank ECA economic update Nov. 2016. page 34-36
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/32e6bf64-36cd-11e5-b05b-b01debd57852.html?siteedition=uk
54 Independent work, Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, report by McKinsey Global Institute, Oct. 2016:
55 In its annual statistics, the freelance platform Upwork provides an interesting overview of the types of tasks the platform mediates, the number of jobs and where in the world they get done:
http://elance-odesk.com/online-work-report-global
56 http://www.statistikbanken.dk/10320 - Danmarks Statistik
https://lo.dk/om-lo/fakta-og-tal/medlemstal/
Det er lidt vanskeligt at gøre tallene præcist op, fordi den måde medlemstal opgøres på skiftede i 2011, og fordi flere af forbundene er slået sammen gennem årene. i 2015 og 2016 er nedgangen dog vendt til en svag stigning.
58 Distributional
National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States
T. Piketty, E. Saez, G. Zucman:
http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PSZ2016.pdf
59 https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/publikation/ae_fl16.pdf
62 A 2015 OECD study finds that temporary employees typically earn 40% less than permanent employees for the same number of hours:
OECD 2015, In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All, section 4.4
63 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=cbVN
66 UN World population prospects, The 2017 revision, side 7: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf
67 For at very detailed description of the many ways in which in-equality damages society, see “The spirit level - Why Equality is Better for Everyone”, by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, Penguin books 2010. https://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/resources/the-spirit-level
68 http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-frank-public-investment-20160609-snap-story.html
69 Warren Buffet, the second richest person in the US, has pointed out that his secretary pays more taxes than he does.
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2012/01/warren-buffett-and-his-secretary-talk-taxes/
71 Økonomi og indenrigsministeriet: Fordeling og incitamenter 2017-06-21
http://www.oim.dk/media/18651/fordeling-og-incitamenter-2017.pdf
detaljerede tal i tabel side 122
73 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SI.POV.GINI/rankings
74 Detailed and up-to-date information about distribution of wealth can be found at The World Wealth and Income Database: http://www.wid.world
75 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just-8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world
77Distributional National Accounts:
Methods and Estimates for the United States
T. Piketty, E. Saez, G. Zucman:
http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PSZ2016.pdf
78 Thomas Piketty, Capital in the twenty-first Century, 2014, Harvard University press
80 Arbejderbevægelsens erhvervsråd: Fordeling og levevilkår 2016, s 9: https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/publikation/ae_fl16.pdf
81 http://www.skm.dk/skattetal/statistik/tidsserieoversigter/marginalskatteprocenter-1993-og-1998-2017
82corporate taxes in the EU28 countries 1996-2015
83 http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/paene-loenninger-er-ingen-hindring-for-at-skabe-job_20109.aspx
http://www.nationalbanken.dk/da/publikationer/Documents/2016/06/Kvartalsoversigt_2_kvt_2016.pdf
84 Zucman: The effective rate paid by US corporations has been reduced by 1/3 since late 1990s
http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/Zucman2015Slides.pdf
http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/direktoerens-loen-stikker-af-fra-din_14116.aspx
https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/
86 For a well-written, rather disturbing insight in to the nature of high frequency stock trading, check Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt by Michael Lewis, 2014, W. W. Norton & Company
87 You can find an interesting of the relative size of different parts of the economy at this site: http://money.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-money-and-markets-in-one-visualization/
BIS, the Bank of International Settlements, keeps track of the number so-called derivatives, that are traded on the financial markets. In 2013, the total was $710 trillion.
In 2103 the Gross World Product, the sum of all countries’ GDP, was $75 trillion. http://www.statista.com/statistics/268750/global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
Roughly, this indicates that the nominal value of derivatives is ten times greater than the value of the ”real” economy.
88 Figure 1 of this paper:
http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~tphilipp/papers/FinTech.pdf has updated series.
89 According to Rana Foroohar, US-editor of the Financial Times and author of ” Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business”.
http://time.com/4327419/american-capitalisms-great-crisis/
90 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ERP-2017/pdf/ERP-2017-table6.pdf
91 The Economist has a critical presentation of the concept here: http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-1
92 http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/Zucman2015Slides.pdf
93 http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/10/23/big-companies-pay-no-taxes/2480281/
94 http://fortune.com/2016/03/11/apple-google-taxes-eu/
95 http://www.business.dk/digital/googles-skat-i-danmark-er-under-fire-mio.-kr
96 https://itep.org/offshore-shell-games-2016/
99 https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/corporate-tax-avoidance-5963/
100 Eksempelvis McKinsey’s rapport fra 2017: https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/a-future-that-works-the-impact-of-automation-in-denmark.pdf
101 Arbejdstiden for den enkelte er dog blevet sat en del ned gennem årene.
http://faos.ku.dk/pdf/temasider/ok/ok_2012/Arbejdstid_i_OK_1900-2010.pdf
Men det samlede arbejdsudbud er steget, fordi befolkningen er vokset og flere kvinder er kommet på arbejdsmarkedet.
102 An Extraordinary Time, The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy, by Marc Levinson, by Penguin book, 2016
The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, by Robert J. Gordon, Princeton university press, 2016
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses
http://larrysummers.com/category/secular-stagnation/
103 https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome
104 The chart builds on work by Anne Flemmert, LEGO educational institute
105 http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/upload/16217/03udd.pdf
106 Ifølge Undervisningsministeriets profilmodel: https://www.uvm.dk/-/media/filer/uvm/stat/pdf16/161208-profil2015-land-hfudd.pdf?la=da
http://statweb.uni-c.dk/databanken/uvmDataWeb/ShowReport.aspx?report=EAK-tilgang-udd
107 The analogy was described to me in an interview by the robot and AI scientist professor Hans Moravec of Carnegie Mellon University.
108 http://bigthink.com/videos/kevin-kelly-cognification-will-be-industrial-revolution-20
110 http://www.ynharari.com/homo-deus/short-overview/
111 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/278581479765753603/ECA-Economic-Update-Nov-2016-Eng.pdf, figure 2.20, page 36.
112 https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/a-future-that-works-the-impact-of-automation-in-denmark.pdf, page 21.
113 http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/11/104896_Minimumsbudget-for-forbrugsudgifter_P.pdf, page 16
116 You can find more information about the High Tech, Low Cost concept at: http://peterhesseldahl.dk/high-tech-low-cost.html
117 http://www.itu.int/en/connect2020/Pages/default.aspx
118 I have had the pleasure of managing this research project examining frugal innovation: http://www.frugalsolutions.org
119 http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/more/press/fun-facts
120 For more on the idea of equity as payment for even small transaction, see Esko Kilpi’s interesting writing: https://shift.newco.co/post-blockchain-smart-contracts-creating-a-new-firm-7695a910ea31
121 A widespread and enduring example is the Bristol Pound: http://bristolpound.org
122 The New Economic Foundation: http://www.neweconomics.org/publications/entry/21-hours
124 Danmarks Statistik, ADAM’s databank.
Se også: http://faos.ku.dk/pdf/temasider/ok/ok_2012/Arbejdstid_i_OK_1900-2010.pdf
125 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/278581479765753603/ECA-Economic-Update-Nov-2016-Eng.pdf
127 http://neweconomics.org/2016/12/massive-surge-londons-gig-economy/?header=Our+Work
128 http://www.livingwage.org.uk
130 http://www.uniontaxidenver.net
132 An important forum for discussing how cooperatives could play a greater role in the new economy is the ”platform cooperativism” conference: http://platformcoop.net
134 Et ekstremt eksempel på betydningen af ratings er det system for en Social credit score, som de kinesiske myndigheder arbejder på at etablere, og som vil give alle personer en rating, der udtrykker deres troværdighed som samfundsborgere. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian
135 http://deemly.co
Tak til Sara Green Brodersen fra Deemly, for en lang og instruktiv snak om reputation platforme.
139 Jeg har tidligere skrevet en hel bog om sammenkoblingen. ”Den globale organisme”, udgivet i 2002 på Aschehougs forlag. Du kan downloade hele bogen her:
http://peterhesseldahl.dk/boger/den-globale-organisme/den-globale-organisme--.html
140 An important literary example is the Greek myth of Pygmalion who fell in love with a statue that had become alive.
Daedalus and Icarus has been used since classical texts as symbolic of the ramifications and anxieties of machine-human hybrids.
142 http://motherboard.vice.com/read/simulated-universe-thinker-nick-bostrom-hasnt-stopped-believing
143 The Stiglitz commission on economic performance and social progress: http://www.insee.fr/en/publications-et-services/default.asp?page=dossiers_web/stiglitz/performance_eco.htm
144 It has been profitable to lay dedicated fiber networks for trading faster between Chicago and New York, and New York and London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2606539/How-super-fast-cable-networks-allow-City-flash-boys-fleece-pension-billions.html
145 Check the good news at Gapminder, the website of global development statistics started by the late Swedish statistician Hans Rosling: http://www.gapminder.org
146 http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/
147 For a hopeful vision of this, I can recommend reading the work of the economist Carlota Perez: http://www.carlotaperez.org