Danske fodnoter til We-economy

1 https://nest.com/works-with-nest/

2 $3.2 billion

3 http://qz.com/694520/tesla-has-780-million-miles-of-driving-data-and-adds-another-million-every-10-hours/

4 On Tesla cars features are regularly added via software updates.

An article describing a Gm vs. a Tesla recall:

http://www.arynga.com/connected-vehicle/gms-vehicle-recall-vs-teslas-over-the-air-update-software-updates-to-prevent-vehicles-from-overheating-and-catching-fire.html

5 http://www2.meethue.com

6 http://www.apple.com/ios/health/

7 http://kk.org/books/the-inevitable/  - or if you prefer to get the message through a 14-minute TED-talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_kelly_how_ai_can_bring_on_a_second_industrial_revolution

8 https://gopro.com/channel/

9 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-19/google-cuts-its-giant-electricity-bill-with-deepmind-powered-ai

10 http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460

http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2014/05/marc_andreessen.html

11 It?s hard to find exact numbers, but in mid-2016 Google was reportedly doing at least 5,5 billion Searches pr. day

http://searchengineland.com/google-now-handles-2-999-trillion-searches-per-year-250247

12 https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/

13 https://www.wired.com/insights/2012/05/amazon-hpc-cloud/

14Read about ?The power of pull? by John Hagel, John Seely Brown and Lang Davidson here: http://www.edgeperspectives.com/pop.html

15 http://www.alexa.com/topsites

16 http://www.shapeways.com

17 From an environmental perspective, the word ?consumer? is problematic. The consumer belongs in the old linear paradigm of extracting resources and consuming them, by turning them into waste. In a circular economy, resources are not consumed, but merely used and sent on to the next link in the chain.

In contrast, in the circular economy, you use materials for a while, but they are not consumed in the sense that they are left as waste without value. Instead, the materials are passed on to others to use again for yet another purpose. Waste is re-purposed as new materials ? like food for a new process. Consumption is merely use.

The circular economy is by necessity participatory and collective. You recognize that no consumption takes place in isolation ? we are always interacting as part of a greater context, where everyone and everything is connected and interdependent. Humans influence the other parts of the ecosystem, and they influence us. We depend on all other living things ? and the rest of life depends on us.

18 These and many other initial observations about moving towards a we-economy were presented in Charles Leadbeater?s excellent book; We-think. Mass innovation, not mass production.

http://charlesleadbeater.net/2010/01/we-think/

19 The idea of the long tail was originally coined by Chris Anderson to describe how the value chain is extending by making even very small providers part of the economy.

http://www.thelongtail.com/about.html

20 https://ideas.lego.com

The case is described in more detail at: http://www.we-economy.net/case-stories/lego-ideas.html

21 Bloomberg largest companies by market capitalization: https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-02/tech-giants-form-fab-five-to-dominate-stock-valuation-chart

http://dogsofthedow.com/largest-companies-by-market-cap.htm

22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Firm

23 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x/full

24 http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Impactsofcar2go_FiveCities_2016.pdf

25 http://cohealo.com

26 http://www.xojet.com

27 https://vandebron.nl

28 https://www.pley.com

29 https://www.3dhubs.com

30 Independent work, Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, report by McKinsey Global Institute, Oct. 2016:

http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy

31 As Tim O?Reilly points out, it is likely that we will see a blending of professional and amateurs on the platforms of the sharing economy, similar to the development on YouTube. Initially, YouTube was a site, where anyone could share their videos and most of the content was indeed created by amateurs. Now, as YouTube has become one of main global media outlets, an increasing part of the content is produced by professionals and regular media companies. Likewise, a greater share of the rooms offered on Airbnb could belong to professionals or regular hotels.

https://medium.com/the-wtf-economy/networks-and-the-nature-of-the-firm-28790b6afdcc#.wzleffep4

32 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/03/how-much-musicians-make-spotify-itunes-youtube

33 http://www.we-economy.net/what-is-the-we-economy/the-research-project/report.html

34 http://www.we-economy.net/what-is-the-we-economy/index.html

35 http://platformrevolution.com

One of the authors, Sangeet Paul Choudary, has a very useful blog: http://platformed.info

36  http://matchmakereconomics.com

37 http://www.economist.com/news/business/21716661-platforms-have-benefited-greatly-special-legal-and-regulatory-treatment-internet-firms

38 https://skift.com/2016/08/11/airbnb-has-a-golden-moment-at-the-rio-olympics/

39 This has been very well described by Jeremy Rifkin in his book Zero Marginal Cost Economy.

http://www.thezeromarginalcostsociety.com http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/jeremy-rifkin-are-we-moving-capitalist-collaborative-economy-4914

http://newnature.blogspot.dk/2014/05/jeremy-rifkin-on-economy-where-energy.html

40 Not all platforms need to be giants. By specializing and targeting accurately, even smaller platforms can gain critical mass as the leading platform in their niche: Airbnb covers all types of travelers, but there are platforms for renting rooms that cater to audiences: very high end homes, gay travelers, football fans or people who go for nature hikes.

41 According to Financial Times Datawatch:

-  Google had a 62% share of all global searches in March 2105 (http://blogs.ft.com/ftdata/2015/04/17/datawatch-global-search-market-share/)

- In 2014, Amazon had a 20% share of all global internet retailing, followed by Alibaba?s 14% share. (http://blogs.ft.com/ftdata/files/2015/11/G118X-DATAWATCH-MON.png)

- In the US, Amazon had a 41% share of the book market in 2014 (http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/bea/article/62520-bea-2014-can-anyone-compete-with-amazon.html)

42 Toptal.com is a labor platform for software developers and designers, which explicitly will only represent the top 3% of the people they interview. The top talents can offer their services in a global market place and companies will know that they are hiring the best in the world for a task. In that situation, the freelancer is in a very good position to demand a high wage.

43 http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2016/jul/06/mark-warner/mark-warner-says-average-holding-time-stocks-has-f/

44https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1359en.pdf

45 http://secondmachineage.com

46  http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20161229PD206.html

47http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actemp/downloads/publications/2016/asean_in_transf_2016_r1_techn.pdf

48 https://www.ft.com/content/f30051b2-1e36-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0

49 Tip of the hat to Per ?–dling for the example

50 According to a survey conducted in 2014 by the independent research firm Edelman Borland and commissioned by Freelancers Union and Elance-oDesk.

51 http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/employment/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all/non-standard-work-job-polarisation-and-inequality_9789264235120-7-en#page3 - and table 1.7

52 https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/analyse/ae_halvdelen-af-den-danske-jobfremgang-er-deltidsjob.pdf

53 Polarization and Populism, World Bank ECA economic update Nov. 2016. page 34-36

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25341/9781464810091.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y

http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/32e6bf64-36cd-11e5-b05b-b01debd57852.html?siteedition=uk

http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all/non-standard-work-job-polarisation-and-inequality_9789264235120-7-en

54 Independent work, Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, report by McKinsey Global Institute, Oct. 2016:

http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy

55 In its annual statistics, the freelance platform Upwork provides an interesting overview of the types of tasks the platform mediates, the number of jobs and where in the world they get done:

http://elance-odesk.com/online-work-report-global

56 http://www.statistikbanken.dk/10320 - Danmarks Statistik

https://lo.dk/om-lo/fakta-og-tal/medlemstal/

Det er lidt vanskeligt at gøre tallene præcist op, fordi den måde medlemstal opgøres på skiftede i 2011, og fordi flere af forbundene er slået sammen gennem årene. i 2015 og 2016 er nedgangen dog vendt til en svag stigning.

57 http://wid.world

58 Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States
T. Piketty, E. Saez, G. Zucman: http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PSZ2016.pdf

59 https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/publikation/ae_fl16.pdf

60 https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/analyse/ae_tilbagegang-i-arbejdernes-lonindkomst-siden-krisen.pdf

61 http://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/analyse/ae_formuerne-koncentreres-i-stigende-grad-blandt-de-rigeste.pdf

62 A 2015 OECD study finds that temporary employees typically earn 40% less than permanent employees for the same number of hours:

OECD 2015, In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All, section 4.4

http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/employment/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all/non-standard-work-job-polarisation-and-inequality_9789264235120-7-en#page3

63 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=cbVN

64 http://allthingsd.com/20131202/europes-blablacar-has-created-the-purest-version-of-the-sharing-economy-so-far-and-its-working/

65 http://www.rideaustin.com

66 UN World population prospects, The 2017 revision, side 7: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf

67 For at very detailed description of the many ways in which in-equality damages society, see ?The spirit level - Why Equality is Better for Everyone?, by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, Penguin books 2010. https://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/resources/the-spirit-level

68 http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-frank-public-investment-20160609-snap-story.html

69 Warren Buffet, the second richest person in the US, has pointed out that his secretary pays more taxes than he does.

http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2012/01/warren-buffett-and-his-secretary-talk-taxes/

70 http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality_9789264246010-en#page13

71 ?˜konomi og indenrigsministeriet: Fordeling og incitamenter 2017-06-21

http://www.oim.dk/media/18651/fordeling-og-incitamenter-2017.pdf

detaljerede tal i tabel side 122

72 http://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/analyse/ae_de-rigeste-tjener-mere-og-mere-mens-de-fattigste-halter-bagud.pdf

73 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SI.POV.GINI/rankings

74 Detailed and up-to-date information about distribution of wealth can be found at The World Wealth and Income Database: http://www.wid.world

75 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just-8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world

76 http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality_9789264246010-en#page36

77Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States
T. Piketty, E. Saez, G. Zucman: http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PSZ2016.pdf

78 Thomas Piketty, Capital in the twenty-first Century, 2014, Harvard University press

79 http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality_9789264246010-en#page62

80 Arbejderbevægelsens erhvervsråd: Fordeling og levevilkår 2016, s 9: https://www.ae.dk/sites/www.ae.dk/files/dokumenter/publikation/ae_fl16.pdf

81 http://www.skm.dk/skattetal/statistik/tidsserieoversigter/marginalskatteprocenter-1993-og-1998-2017

82corporate taxes in the EU28 countries 1996-2015

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/resources/documents/taxation/gen_info/economic_analysis/tax_structures/2014/report.pdf - graph 17

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/resources/documents/taxation/gen_info/economic_analysis/tax_structures/2016/econ_analysis_report_2016.pdf

83 http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/paene-loenninger-er-ingen-hindring-for-at-skabe-job_20109.aspx

http://www.nationalbanken.dk/da/publikationer/Documents/2016/06/Kvartalsoversigt_2_kvt_2016.pdf

84 Zucman: The effective rate paid by US corporations has been reduced by 1/3 since late 1990s

http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/Zucman2015Slides.pdf

http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/direktoerens-loen-stikker-af-fra-din_14116.aspx

85 https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/a-french-presidential-candidate-wants-to-tax-robots-to-save-human-workers

https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/

86 For a well-written, rather disturbing insight in to the nature of high frequency stock trading, check Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt by Michael Lewis, 2014, W. W. Norton & Company

87 You can find an interesting of the relative size of different parts of the economy at this site: http://money.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-money-and-markets-in-one-visualization/

BIS, the Bank of International Settlements, keeps track of the number so-called derivatives, that are traded on the financial markets. In 2013, the total was $710 trillion. 

In 2103 the Gross World Product, the sum of all countries? GDP, was $75 trillion.  http://www.statista.com/statistics/268750/global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/

Roughly, this indicates that the nominal value of derivatives is ten times greater than the value of the ?real? economy.

88 Figure 1 of this paper:

http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~tphilipp/papers/FinTech.pdf has updated series.

89 According to Rana Foroohar, US-editor of the Financial Times and author of ? Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business?.

http://time.com/4327419/american-capitalisms-great-crisis/

90 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ERP-2017/pdf/ERP-2017-table6.pdf

91 The Economist has a critical presentation of the concept here: http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-1

92 http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/Zucman2015Slides.pdf

93 http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/10/23/big-companies-pay-no-taxes/2480281/

94 http://fortune.com/2016/03/11/apple-google-taxes-eu/

95 http://www.business.dk/digital/googles-skat-i-danmark-er-under-fire-mio.-kr

96 https://itep.org/offshore-shell-games-2016/

97 http://www.economist.com/news/business/21706238-european-commissions-huge-penalty-against-apple-opens-up-new-front-war-tax

98 http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/penge/luxembourg-finten-goldman-sachs-kan-skattefrit-hive-milliarder-ud-af-dong

99 https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/corporate-tax-avoidance-5963/

100 Eksempelvis McKinsey?s rapport fra 2017: https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/a-future-that-works-the-impact-of-automation-in-denmark.pdf

101 Arbejdstiden for den enkelte er dog blevet sat en del ned gennem årene.

http://faos.ku.dk/pdf/temasider/ok/ok_2012/Arbejdstid_i_OK_1900-2010.pdf

Men det samlede arbejdsudbud er steget, fordi befolkningen er vokset og flere kvinder er kommet på arbejdsmarkedet.

102 An Extraordinary Time, The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy, by Marc Levinson, by Penguin book, 2016

The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, by Robert J. Gordon, Princeton university press, 2016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses

http://larrysummers.com/category/secular-stagnation/

103 https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome

104 The chart builds on work by Anne Flemmert, LEGO educational institute

105 http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/upload/16217/03udd.pdf

106 Ifølge Undervisningsministeriets profilmodel: https://www.uvm.dk/-/media/filer/uvm/stat/pdf16/161208-profil2015-land-hfudd.pdf?la=da

http://statweb.uni-c.dk/databanken/uvmDataWeb/ShowReport.aspx?report=EAK-tilgang-udd

107 The analogy was described to me in an interview by the robot and AI scientist professor Hans Moravec of Carnegie Mellon University.

108 http://bigthink.com/videos/kevin-kelly-cognification-will-be-industrial-revolution-20

109 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/business/economy/universal-basic-income-finland.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news

110 http://www.ynharari.com/homo-deus/short-overview/

111 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/278581479765753603/ECA-Economic-Update-Nov-2016-Eng.pdf, figure 2.20, page 36.

112 https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/a-future-that-works-the-impact-of-automation-in-denmark.pdf, page 21.

113 http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/11/104896_Minimumsbudget-for-forbrugsudgifter_P.pdf, page 16

114 http://www.peekvision.org

115 http://www.hearscreen.com

116 You can find more information about the High Tech, Low Cost concept at: http://peterhesseldahl.dk/high-tech-low-cost.html

117 http://www.itu.int/en/connect2020/Pages/default.aspx

118 I have had the pleasure of managing this research project examining frugal innovation: http://www.frugalsolutions.org

119 http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/more/press/fun-facts

120 For more on the idea of equity as payment for even small transaction, see Esko Kilpi?s interesting writing: https://shift.newco.co/post-blockchain-smart-contracts-creating-a-new-firm-7695a910ea31

121 A widespread and enduring example is the Bristol Pound: http://bristolpound.org

122 The New Economic Foundation: http://www.neweconomics.org/publications/entry/21-hours

123 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-03/swedish-six-hour-workday-trial-runs-into-trouble-too-expensive

124 Danmarks Statistik, ADAM?s databank.

Se også: http://faos.ku.dk/pdf/temasider/ok/ok_2012/Arbejdstid_i_OK_1900-2010.pdf

125 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/278581479765753603/ECA-Economic-Update-Nov-2016-Eng.pdf

126 http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/employment/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all/non-standard-work-job-polarisation-and-inequality_9789264235120-7-en#page3.

127 http://neweconomics.org/2016/12/massive-surge-londons-gig-economy/?header=Our+Work

128 http://www.livingwage.org.uk

129 https://okforhold.dk

130  http://www.uniontaxidenver.net

131 https://www.stocksy.com

132 An important forum for discussing how cooperatives could play a greater role in the new economy is the ?platform cooperativism? conference: http://platformcoop.net

133 https://www.wework.com

134 Et ekstremt eksempel på betydningen af ratings er det system for en Social credit score, som de kinesiske myndigheder arbejder på at etablere, og som vil give alle personer en rating, der udtrykker deres troværdighed som samfundsborgere. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian

135 http://deemly.co

https://traity.com

http://openbadges.org/about/

Tak til Sara Green Brodersen fra Deemly, for en lang og instruktiv snak om reputation platforme.

136 https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/planning-outline-for-the-construction-of-a-social-credit-system-2014-2020/

137 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-plan-to-organize-its-whole-society-around-big-data-a-rating-for-everyone/2016/10/20/1cd0dd9c-9516-11e6-ae9d-0030ac1899cd_story.html?utm_term=.c52b01a82431

http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian

138 http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21710292-chinas-consumer-credit-rating-culture-evolving-fastand-unconventionally-just

139 Jeg har tidligere skrevet en hel bog om sammenkoblingen. ?Den globale organisme?, udgivet i 2002 på Aschehougs forlag. Du kan downloade hele bogen her:

http://peterhesseldahl.dk/boger/den-globale-organisme/den-globale-organisme--.html

140 An important literary example is the Greek myth of Pygmalion who fell in love with a statue that had become alive.

Daedalus and Icarus has been used since classical texts as symbolic of the ramifications and anxieties of machine-human hybrids.

141 http://observer.com/2015/08/stephen-hawking-elon-musk-and-bill-gates-warn-about-artificial-intelligence/

142 http://motherboard.vice.com/read/simulated-universe-thinker-nick-bostrom-hasnt-stopped-believing

143 The Stiglitz commission on economic performance and social progress: http://www.insee.fr/en/publications-et-services/default.asp?page=dossiers_web/stiglitz/performance_eco.htm

144 It has been profitable to lay dedicated fiber networks for trading faster between Chicago and New York, and New York and London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2606539/How-super-fast-cable-networks-allow-City-flash-boys-fleece-pension-billions.html

145 Check the good news at Gapminder, the website of global development statistics started by the late Swedish statistician Hans Rosling: http://www.gapminder.org

146 http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/

147 For a hopeful vision of this, I can recommend reading the work of the economist Carlota Perez: http://www.carlotaperez.org